Storage

Backends

PostgreSQL

class kinto.core.storage.postgresql.Storage(client, max_fetch_size, *args, readonly=False, **kwargs)

Storage backend using PostgreSQL.

Recommended in production (requires PostgreSQL 9.4 or higher).

Enable in configuration:

kinto.storage_backend = kinto.core.storage.postgresql

Database location URI can be customized:

kinto.storage_url = postgres://user:pass@db.server.lan:5432/dbname

Alternatively, username and password could also rely on system user ident or even specified in ~/.pgpass (see PostgreSQL documentation).

Note

Some tables and indices are created when kinto migrate is run. This requires some privileges on the database, or some error will be raised.

Alternatively, the schema can be initialized outside the python application, using the SQL file located in kinto/core/storage/postgresql/schema.sql. This allows to distinguish schema manipulation privileges from schema usage.

A connection pool is enabled by default:

kinto.storage_pool_size = 10
kinto.storage_maxoverflow = 10
kinto.storage_max_backlog = -1
kinto.storage_pool_recycle = -1
kinto.storage_pool_timeout = 30
kinto.cache_poolclass =
    kinto.core.storage.postgresql.pool.QueuePoolWithMaxBacklog

The max_backlog limits the number of threads that can be in the queue waiting for a connection. Once this limit has been reached, any further attempts to acquire a connection will be rejected immediately, instead of locking up all threads by keeping them waiting in the queue.

See dedicated section in SQLAlchemy documentation for default values and behaviour.

Note

Using a dedicated connection pool is still recommended to allow load balancing, replication or limit the number of connections used in a multi-process deployment.

Redis

class kinto_redis.storage.Storage(client, *args, **kwargs)

Storage backend implementation using Redis.

Warning

Useful for very low server load, but won’t scale since records sorting and filtering are performed in memory.

Enable in configuration:

kinto.storage_backend = kinto_redis.storage

(Optional) Instance location URI can be customized:

kinto.storage_url = redis://localhost:6379/0

A threaded connection pool is enabled by default:

kinto.storage_pool_size = 50

Memory

class kinto.core.storage.memory.Storage(*args, readonly=False, **kwargs)

Storage backend implementation in memory.

Useful for development or testing purposes, but records are lost after each server restart.

Enable in configuration:

kinto.storage_backend = kinto.core.storage.memory

Enable strict json validation before saving (instead of the more lenient ujson, see #1238):

kinto.storage_strict_json = true

API

Implementing a custom storage backend consists in implementating the following interface:

class kinto.core.storage.Missing

Dummy value to represent a value that is completely absent from a record.

Handling these correctly is important for pagination.

class kinto.core.storage.Filter(field, value, operator)

Filtering properties.

field

Alias for field number 0

operator

Alias for field number 2

value

Alias for field number 1

class kinto.core.storage.Sort(field, direction)

Sorting properties.

direction

Alias for field number 1

field

Alias for field number 0

class kinto.core.storage.StorageBase(strict_json=True)

Storage abstraction used by resource views.

It is meant to be instantiated at application startup. Any operation may raise a HTTPServiceUnavailable error if an error occurs with the underlying service.

Configuration can be changed to choose which storage backend will persist the objects.

Raises:HTTPServiceUnavailable
id_generator = <kinto.core.storage.generators.UUID4 object>

Id generator used when no one is provided for create.

initialize_schema(dry_run=False)

Create every necessary objects (like tables or indices) in the backend.

This is executed when the kinto migrate command is run.

Parameters:dry_run (bool) – simulate instead of executing the operations.
flush(auth=None)

Remove every object from this storage.

collection_timestamp(collection_id, parent_id, auth=None)

Get the highest timestamp of every objects in this collection_id for this parent_id.

Note

This should take deleted objects into account.

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
Returns:

the latest timestamp of the collection.

Return type:

int

create(collection_id, parent_id, record, id_generator=None, id_field='id', modified_field='last_modified', auth=None)

Create the specified object in this collection_id for this parent_id. Assign the id to the object, using the attribute kinto.core.resource.model.Model.id_field.

Note

This will update the collection timestamp.

Raises:

kinto.core.storage.exceptions.UnicityError

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • record (dict) – the object to create.
Returns:

the newly created object.

Return type:

dict

get(collection_id, parent_id, object_id, id_field='id', modified_field='last_modified', auth=None)

Retrieve the object with specified object_id, or raise error if not found.

Raises:

kinto.core.storage.exceptions.RecordNotFoundError

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • object_id (str) – unique identifier of the object
Returns:

the object object.

Return type:

dict

update(collection_id, parent_id, object_id, record, id_field='id', modified_field='last_modified', auth=None)

Overwrite the object with the specified object_id.

If the specified id is not found, the object is created with the specified id.

Note

This will update the collection timestamp.

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • object_id (str) – unique identifier of the object
  • record (dict) – the object to update or create.
Returns:

the updated object.

Return type:

dict

delete(collection_id, parent_id, object_id, id_field='id', with_deleted=True, modified_field='last_modified', deleted_field='deleted', auth=None, last_modified=None)

Delete the object with specified object_id, and raise error if not found.

Deleted objects must be removed from the database, but their ids and timestamps of deletion must be tracked for synchronization purposes. (See kinto.core.storage.StorageBase.get_all())

Note

This will update the collection timestamp.

Raises:

kinto.core.storage.exceptions.RecordNotFoundError

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • object_id (str) – unique identifier of the object
  • with_deleted (bool) – track deleted record with a tombstone
Returns:

the deleted object, with minimal set of attributes.

Return type:

dict

delete_all(collection_id, parent_id, filters=None, sorting=None, pagination_rules=None, limit=None, id_field='id', with_deleted=True, modified_field='last_modified', deleted_field='deleted', auth=None)

Delete all objects in this collection_id for this parent_id.

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • filters (list of kinto.core.storage.Filter) – Optionnally filter the objects to delete.
  • sorting (list of kinto.core.storage.Sort) – Optionnally sort the objects by attribute. Each sort instruction in this list refers to a field and a direction (negative means descending). All sort instructions are cumulative.
  • pagination_rules (list of list of kinto.core.storage.Filter) – Optionnally paginate the deletion of objects. This list of rules aims to reduce the set of objects to the current page. A rule is a list of filters (see filters parameter), and all rules are combined using OR.
  • limit (int) – Optionnally limit the number of objects to be deleted.
  • with_deleted (bool) – track deleted records with a tombstone
Returns:

the list of deleted objects, with minimal set of attributes.

Return type:

list

purge_deleted(collection_id, parent_id, before=None, id_field='id', modified_field='last_modified', auth=None)

Delete all deleted object tombstones in this collection_id for this parent_id.

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • before (int) – Optionnal timestamp to limit deletion (exclusive)
Returns:

The number of deleted objects.

Return type:

int

get_all(collection_id, parent_id, filters=None, sorting=None, pagination_rules=None, limit=None, include_deleted=False, id_field='id', modified_field='last_modified', deleted_field='deleted', auth=None)

Retrieve all objects in this collection_id for this parent_id.

Parameters:
  • collection_id (str) – the collection id.
  • parent_id (str) – the collection parent.
  • filters (list of kinto.core.storage.Filter) – Optionally filter the objects by their attribute. Each filter in this list is a tuple of a field, a value and a comparison (see kinto.core.utils.COMPARISON). All filters are combined using AND.
  • sorting (list of kinto.core.storage.Sort) – Optionnally sort the objects by attribute. Each sort instruction in this list refers to a field and a direction (negative means descending). All sort instructions are cumulative.
  • pagination_rules (list of list of kinto.core.storage.Filter) – Optionnally paginate the list of objects. This list of rules aims to reduce the set of objects to the current page. A rule is a list of filters (see filters parameter), and all rules are combined using OR.
  • limit (int) – Optionnally limit the number of objects to be retrieved.
  • include_deleted (bool) – Optionnally include the deleted objects that match the filters.
Returns:

the limited list of objects, and the total number of matching objects in the collection (deleted ones excluded).

Return type:

tuple

Exceptions

Exceptions raised by storage backend.

exception kinto.core.storage.exceptions.BackendError(original=None, message=None, *args, **kwargs)

A generic exception raised by storage on error.

Parameters:original (Exception) – the wrapped exception raised by underlying library.
exception kinto.core.storage.exceptions.RecordNotFoundError

An exception raised when a specific record could not be found.

exception kinto.core.storage.exceptions.UnicityError(field, record, *args, **kwargs)

An exception raised on unicity constraint violation.

Raised by storage backend when the creation or the modification of a record violates the unicity constraints defined by the resource.

Store custom data

Storage can be used to store arbitrary data.

data = {'subscribed': datetime.now()}
user_id = request.authenticated_userid

storage = request.registry.storage
storage.create(collection_id='__custom', parent_id='', record=data)

See the Model class to manipulate collections of records.